The frog-mouth helm- the 15 century helmet worn by mounted knights for tournaments

The frog-mouth helm was a type of great helm, appearing from around 1400 and lasting into the first quarter of the 16th century. The helmet was primarily used by mounted knights for tournaments (jousting) rather than on the battlefield.

The frog-mouth analogy was drawn from the way the ocularium (the slit through which the wearer of the helm could see) resembles the open mouth of a frog. During jousting tournaments, the helmet offered a better degree of protection from lances that would splinter after impact with the rival’s body armour. Early examples of the stechhelm were made from a single piece of metal, while later dated helmets had hinged constructions that could be disassembled.

Boy's jousting armour of Archduke Philipp (1478-1506) — Boy’s jousting armour of Archduke Philipp (1478-1506). Source

Exhibit in the Higgins Armory Museum, 100 Barber Avenue, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. Source

German Historical Museum ( Berlin ). Helmet-bonnet ( 15th century ).Source

Appearing in the 15th and 16th century in Germany, the helmet became popular for jousting due to the improved protection of the eyes it offered. Early one-piece examples were later improved with hinged varieties. By late 15th century, it had become customary for this type of helmet to be mounted with screws or rivets onto the wearer’s cuirass, though this only allowed the wearer to look forward, rendering helmets worn that way only suitable for jousting charges.

Jousting armour of Maximilian I, made around 1490-95.Source

Maximilian I, made around 1490-95.Source

Later versions had hinges and could be opened in the front for ventilation, while also “folding” around the wearer’s head to put on and “unfolding” to be removed. The helm had vents allowing the wearer to breathe more easily whilst using it, as well as allowing otherwise muted noise to reach its ears, thus improving listening of the environment and awareness in general. Underneath the helm, the wearer traditionally had a leather cowl to protect from concussive impacts. The cowl was attached with leather straps and cords fastened to the helmet, so that a certain degree of head movement was guaranteed.

A popular jousting technique was, at the last minute, to pull the head up. This completely obscured the vision for the wearer, but it protected the eyes from the splinters of the lance as it broke on his armour or shield, with the most probable scenario being the lance shattering anywhere below the neck.