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Phineas Gage-The bizarre story of how a railroad worker survived an iron rod which went through his skull …

Throughout medical history, there have been countless stories of human phenomena, accidents, accounts of survival, and weird medical conditions, most of which defy logical explanation. One such event is the “American Crowbar Case” that happened on September 13, 1848, when, due to an explosion, a tamping iron went right through the head of Phineas Gage. Luckily, the accident was not enough to end the life of the fortunate railroad foreman.

Phineas Gage and rod that injured him
Phineas Gage and rod that injured him

Phineas P. Gage (1823 – 1860) was an American railroad construction foreman working in Vermont. One day, on the 13th of September, he was using a tamping iron – a hollow rod that weighed around 7 kilos – to compact explosive powder into a rock. The rod caused a spark when he hit the rock, igniting the explosives which propelled the rod straight through Gage’s skull. It entered through his left cheekbone and went through the top of his head, destroying much of his left frontal lobe. The iron was later found 30 yards away from the blasting spot. He was 25 years old at that time.

The Ruthland and Burlington railroad. Photo Credit
The Rutland and Burlington Railroad. Photo Credit

Conscious and almost unfazed by the grisly accident, he was rushed in a railroad cart to his lodgings for urgent medical attention. He went to the doctor saying, “Here’s business enough for you”. Dr. John Harlow tended Gage’s wounds, cleaning up the blood and making sure there were no pieces of his skull lodged in his brain. Unfortunately, the wound became infected since Harlow used his fingers to remove the skull fragments, causing Gage to fall in a semi-comatose state. His family didn’t expect him to survive the horrible accident and lost all hope of reviving him, but later he miraculously recovered and was ready to return to his home in New Hampshire.

Apparently, the accident wasn’t without its consequences. Having survived severe facial injuries, damaging a frontal lobe, losing an eye, and fracturing a skull; his mental well-being and emotional intelligence were also put to question. Harlow wrote a report on Gage’s mental changes, describing him as “fitful, irreverent, indulging at times in the grossest profanity… capricious and vacillating…”. He had lost his social skills and shifted his behavior, making ordinary tasks and decision-making difficult.

This graphic simulation shows the possible trajectory of the rod which satisfied each of the anatomical constraints.
This graphic simulation shows the possible trajectory of the rod which satisfied each of the anatomical constraints. Photo Credit

His friends and coworkers had known him as a well-respected worker and a decent man, and certainly noticed this unusual change of character, stating that he was “no longer Gage”. The railroad company refused to have him go back to work in this dangerous mental condition. He began to work at a stable in New Hampshire, as well as other menial jobs like driving coaches in Chile. Reportedly, these jobs had a soothing effect on his mental instability. He began to act like his former self, and a couple of years after the accident, Gage was far more functional and socially adaptable.

Gage's skull and tamping iron in the Warren Anatomical Museum, 1870
Gage’s skull and tamping iron in the Warren Anatomical Museum, 1870

Gage’s symptoms were not overlooked by scientists, as they served in supporting various studies in neuropsychology, further cementing the claims that certain areas in the frontal cortex were responsible for behavior, temper, and character. His case was the first one to show correlations between brain trauma and personality change.

Phineas Gage died at the age of 35 from seizures caused by the trauma. He has been since remembered as a key figure in many neuroscience books, opening new doors for medical studies. His body was exhumed in 1867 and his skull and the rod were been sent to Dr. Harlow for further studies. The two objects are now at the Warren Anatomical Museum at the Harvard University School of Medicine as “relics of neurology”.

Brad Smithfield

Brad Smithfield is one of the authors writing for The Vintage News