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Josephine Baker adopted 12 children, marched alongside Martin Luther King Jr., and became the first American woman buried in France with a 21-gun salute

Tijana Radeska
Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images

In the early 20th century, Josephine Baker danced wearing a skirt made of bananas and, some 100 years before Angelina Jolie, adopted 12 children of different ethnicities and countries and called them “The Rainbow Tribe.” She never depended on a man, not for a day in her life, and fought racism until her last breath. Baker was a celebrated artist, especially in Europe, and an activist to whom Coretta Scott King offered the unofficial leadership in the movement that was taking place in the U.S. following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

Photo by Rudolf Suroch of Josephine Baker. Havana, Cuba. 1950
Photo by Rudolf Suroch of Josephine Baker. Havana, Cuba. 1950

She was born in 1906 in St. Louis, Missouri. Her father, a vaudeville drummer, left the family soon after. Her mother remarried, had three other children, but neither she nor her new husband was able to support the family. So Josephine took that responsibility on herself and at the age of eight, started cleaning and babysitting in wealthy white homes where she was frequently reminded “be sure not to kiss the baby.”

Josephine Baker in her famous banana costume
Josephine Baker in her famous banana costume

At the age of thirteen, Josephine ran away from home and started working as a waitress at The Old Chauffeur’s Club. During this time, she married her first husband, a marriage that lasted only a few weeks. Three other marriages followed: the second in 1921, to Willie Baker, an American whose last name Josephine decided to keep; the third in 1947, to Jean Lion, a Frenchman who provided her with French citizenship; and the last one in 1947, to Jo Bouillon, another Frenchman and an orchestra leader, with whom Josephine raised her twelve children.

Being away from her family allowed Josephine to do whatever she pleased–and that was dancing. She started performing on the streets and in clubs. In 1919, she was touring across the United States with the Dixie Steppers and the Jones Family Band, performing comedic skits. Her career was always going uphill. During the Harlem Renaissance, Josephine Baker moved to New York and established her popularity in 1923 with her performance in the Broadway musical Shuffle Along as a member of the chorus. At this time she also became famous name at the Plantation Club, where the audience adored her.

Even though she was talented and famous, Josephine was confronted with the ugly face of racism. Her skin color was often the reason for her rejection from many shows, and when she got tired of it, she just left America, later referring to her decision: “One day I realized I was living in a country where I was afraid to be black. It was only a country for white people. Not black. So I left. I had been suffocating in the United States… A lot of us left, not because we wanted to leave, but because we couldn’t stand it anymore… I felt liberated in Paris.”

Baker in Amsterdam, 1954 Author: Noske, J.D. / Anefo CC BY-SA 3.0 nl
Baker in Amsterdam, 1954 Author: Noske, J.D. / Anefo CC BY-SA 3.0 nl

Baker loved Paris. She got far more humane treatment in France than in her native country.  And more! France gave her the opportunity to become one of the most popular artists in Europe. Baker first charmed the French audience performing Danse Sauvage with her dance partner, Joe Alex, at the Théâtre des Champs-Elysées. She was wearing a feather skirt. But Baker cemented her status of celebrity while playing in the performance called La Folie du Jour at the Follies-Bergère Theater and wearing her most famous outfit–a skirt made of 16 strung bananas.

Baker with ten of her adopted children, 1964 Author: Hugo van Gelderen (ANEFO) CC BY-SA 3.0
Baker with ten of her adopted children, 1964 Author: Hugo van Gelderen (ANEFO) CC BY-SA 3.0

Her rivals were Mary Pickford and Gloria Swanson; Grace Kelly was later one of her closest friends. She was the most photographed woman at the time and the most highly paid entertainer in Europe. All that by 1927. And in the early 1930s, she got parts in two movies, Princesse Tam-Tam and Zou-Zou. Besides her love for France, Baker still longed for home and briefly returned to the United States in 1936 to perform in the Ziegfield Follies, but it proved to be a wrong decision. So, once again, assured that she wouldn’t be missed in her home, Baker traveled back to Paris.

When World War II began, instead of sheltering safely with her family, Baker worked for the Red Cross and the French Resistance. Formally, she volunteered as an entertainer for the troops in the Middle East and Africa, while informally she was smuggling messages back to the Deuxième Bureau. The head of the Bureau recruited Baker for one specific job: to be present at parties with German high officials. They knew she would be unassumed in high-profile partiers. At the end of the war, Baker was awarded the Medal of the Resistance with Rosette and named a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor by the French government for her efforts and dedication.

Baker at the Château des Milandes, 1961 Author: Nijs, Jac. de / Anefo – Nationaal Archief CC BY-SA 3.0 nl
Baker at the Château des Milandes, 1961 Author: Nijs, Jac. de / Anefo – Nationaal Archief CC BY-SA 3.0 nl

And then, she started adopting children. The first two were Japanese children, after which followed 10 others from different ethnic backgrounds. Baker often took her Rainbow Tribe on her tours or travels around Europe and the U.S. She was also very fond of animals and is most remembered for her pet, Chiquita, a cheetah that slept in Baker’s bed, rode in her car, and traveled around the globe with her. While at home there were other pets such as Toutoute the goat, and Albert the pig, whom Baker loved dearly.

Despite her fame and glory in Europe and her fancy Parisian life, Baker frequently returned to the United States in the 1950s, participating in demonstrations and boycotts against segregation, and supporting the Civil Rights Movement. During the March on Washington in 1963, Baker stood next to Martin Luther King Jr. and was among the numerous notable speakers. For her efforts, May 20th was named “Josephine Baker Day” by the NAACP.

Baker dancing the Charleston, 1926
Baker dancing the Charleston, 1926

And in 1973, her only wish finally came true. Josephine Baker performed at Carnegie Hall in New York, and she was greeted as an artist. Despite the thousands of fans who adored her in Europe, the satisfaction among the audience in her homeland made her weep on stage. It was then, at the age of 66, that Baker established her career in the United States.

Related story from us: The dancers Ruth St. Denis and Roshanara each claimed the more “authentic” form of Indian dance

When she was 68, Josephine Baker premiered at the Bobino Theater in Paris, after which she received one of the best reviews in her career. A few days later, Baker slipped into a coma and died from a cerebral hemorrhage. The funeral procession was followed by 20,000 people while the French government honored her as the first American woman buried in France with 21-gun salute.

Tijana Radeska

Tijana Radeska is one of the authors writing for The Vintage News